Water Service
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Video
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Fundamentals of Screening, Investigation, and Management
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Petroleum Vapor Intrusion
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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses a high-frequency (e.g. 40 to 1,500 MHz) EM pulse transmitted from a radar antenna to probe the earth. The transmitted radar pulses are reflected from various interfaces within the ground, and this return is detected by the radar receiver. Reflecting interfaces may be soil horizons, the groundwater surface, soil/rock interfaces, man-made objects, or any other interface possessing a contrast in dielectric properties. The dielectric properties of materials correlate with many of the mechanical and geologic parameters of materials.
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Center for disease control
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Guidelines for drinking-water Quality (GDWQ) includes fact sheets on chemical contaminants, based on comprehensive review documents published by WHO. These fact sheets summarize the information on occurrence and health effects of the chemicals covered, presenting guideline values where these have been derived and the basis for their derivation, or where guideline values have not been derived, the rationale for not establishing such values. Information on analytical methods and limits of detection, treatment options and additional risk assessment and management considerations may also be included.
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This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter from the Toxicological Profile for Benzene. It is one in a series of Public Health Statements about hazardous substances and their health effects. A shorter version, the ToxFAQs™, is also available. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636.
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Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. It evaporates quickly when exposed to air. Benzene is formed from natural processes, such as volcanoes and forest fires, but most people are exposed to benzene through human activities.
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Benzene is found in the air from emissions from burning coal and oil, gasoline service stations, and motor vehicle exhaust. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to benzene may cause drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, as well as eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, and, at high levels, unconsciousness. Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure has caused various disorders in the blood, including reduced numbers of red blood cells and aplastic anemia, in occupational settings. Reproductive effects have been reported for women exposed by inhalation to high levels, and adverse effects on the developing fetus have been observed in animal tests. Increased incidence of leukemia (cancer of the tissues that form white blood cells) have been observed in humans occupationally exposed to benzene. EPA has classified benzene as a known human carcinogen for all routes of exposure.
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Naphthalene (CAS Registry Number 91-20-3; molecular formula C10H8) is a white crystalline powder with a characteristic odour (of mothballs). It is a two-ring aromatic hydrocarbon isolated from coal tar. Synonyms used are antimite, naphthalin, naphthaline, naphthene and tar camphor. Naphthalene is the most volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with a gas-phase part of 90–100%, and has a relatively short half-life of 3–8 hours in the atmosphere. Its physicochemical properties are as follows (1–7): molecular weight 128.17 g/mol; melting point 80.2 °C; boiling point 218 °C; relative vapour density 4.42g/cm3 at 20 °C and 1 atm; vapour pressure 10 Pa at 25 °C; and diffusion coefficient 7.20 × 10−2 cm2/s at 298 K. It is soluble in alcohol and acetate but not in water.
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You can’t see or smell radon. Testing is the only way to know your level of exposure. Radon can have a big impact on your health and indoor air quality. All homes should be tested for radon.
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